COMPANIES ACT 2016  - printed 《2016 年公司法》- 印制

COMPANIES ACT 2016  - printed 《2016 年公司法》- 印制

COMPANIES ACT 2016  
“printed” includes typewritten or lithographed or reproduced by any mechanical means;

Under the Companies Act 2016, the term "printed" is given a broad and inclusive meaning. It is not limited to documents produced by a traditional printing press.
Instead, a document is regarded as printed if it is:
  • printed using conventional printing methods;
  • typewritten;
  • produced by lithography; or
  • reproduced by any mechanical means.
The purpose of this expanded definition is to recognise the various methods by which documents may be produced and to ensure that statutory documents remain legally valid regardless of the printing or reproduction method used.

Purpose of the Definition
The definition of "printed" serves several important purposes:
  • Ensures that statutory documents are not limited to traditional printed copies.
  • Recognises modern methods of document production.
  • Promotes flexibility in corporate administration.
  • Facilitates efficient preparation of company records and statutory documents.
  • Prevents technical disputes regarding the method by which a document is produced.

Meaning of "Printed"
For the purposes of the Companies Act 2016, a document is regarded as printed if it has been reproduced in a readable form through an accepted method of production.
The definition expressly includes:
1. Traditional Printing
Documents produced by:
  • commercial printing presses;
  • laser printing;
  • inkjet printing; or
  • other conventional printing technologies.

2. Typewritten Documents
Documents prepared using:
  • manual typewriters;
  • electric typewriters; or
  • other typewriting equipment.
Although typewriters are rarely used today, the Act continues to recognise typewritten documents as printed documents.

3. Lithographed Documents
Lithography is a traditional printing process in which text or images are reproduced from a specially prepared printing surface.
Although this method is less common today, documents produced through lithography remain recognised under the Act.

4. Documents Reproduced by Mechanical Means
The expression "reproduced by any mechanical means" is deliberately broad and covers documents generated using mechanical reproduction methods.
Examples include:
  • photocopying;
  • offset printing;
  • duplicating machines;
  • mechanical reproduction equipment; and
  • other comparable methods of document reproduction.
The emphasis is on the ability to produce a clear and accurate reproduction of the original document.

Modern Interpretation
Although the statutory definition refers to traditional methods such as typewriting and lithography, modern business practices have evolved significantly since such terminology was first introduced.
Today, many statutory documents are prepared using:
  • word-processing software;
  • computer printers;
  • multifunction office equipment; and
  • electronic document production systems.
In practice, documents generated and printed using modern office technology are generally accepted as falling within the concept of "printed," provided they comply with the Companies Act 2016 and any applicable electronic transactions legislation.
Where the Companies Act 2016 expressly permits documents to be created, signed, or transmitted electronically, the relevant statutory provisions governing electronic communications will also apply.

Application Under the Companies Act 2016
The term "printed" commonly applies to documents such as:
  • the company's constitution;
  • notices of meetings;
  • members' resolutions;
  • directors' resolutions;
  • annual reports;
  • financial statements;
  • statutory registers;
  • share certificates (where issued);
  • prospectuses; and
  • other corporate documents required under the Companies Act 2016.
The definition ensures that these documents remain legally acceptable regardless of the method used to produce them.

Practical Examples
Example 1 – Printed Notice of Meeting
ABC Sdn. Bhd. prepares notices of a general meeting using a computer and laser printer.
Although produced electronically before printing, the notices are regarded as printed documents for the purposes of the Companies Act 2016.

Example 2 – Typewritten Resolution
A company secretary prepares a directors' resolution using a typewriter.
The resolution is considered printed because the statutory definition expressly includes typewritten documents.

Example 3 – Photocopied Document
A certified copy of a shareholders' resolution is reproduced using a photocopier.
As the document is reproduced by mechanical means, it falls within the statutory definition of printed, subject to any certification or authentication requirements imposed by law.

Example 4 – Annual Report
A public company prints its annual report using commercial printing equipment before distributing it to shareholders.
The annual report is a printed document within the meaning of the Companies Act 2016.

Compliance Requirements
Companies should ensure that:
  • printed documents are clear, complete, and legible;
  • statutory documents are produced in accordance with the Companies Act 2016 and any applicable regulations;
  • printed copies accurately reproduce the original information;
  • documents required to be signed or authenticated comply with the relevant legal requirements; and
  • electronic documents are handled in accordance with the Companies Act 2016 and other applicable legislation where electronic communication is permitted.

Importance
The definition of "printed" ensures that the Companies Act 2016 accommodates a wide range of document production methods without restricting legal validity to traditional printing techniques. By expressly including typewritten, lithographed, and mechanically reproduced documents, the Act promotes flexibility, practicality, and administrative efficiency in corporate operations. This broad definition reduces unnecessary technical disputes over the form in which documents are produced and supports the reliable preparation, maintenance, and use of statutory records and corporate documents. As business practices continue to evolve, the definition also provides a foundation for interpreting modern printing technologies consistently with the legislative objective of ensuring that corporate documentation remains accurate, accessible, and legally effective.
  

《2016 年公司法》

“印制”(Printed) 包括:

  • 打字制作(Typewritten)
  • 平版印刷(Lithographed);或
  • **以任何机械方式复制(Reproduced by Any Mechanical Means)**的文件。

根据《2016 年公司法》,“印制(Printed)” 一词具有广泛且包容性的法律含义,并不限于传统印刷机所印制的文件

只要文件是透过法律认可的方法制作,并能够清晰、准确地呈现内容,即可视为属于印制文件(Printed Document)

根据法定定义,下列文件均属于印制文件:

  • 采用传统印刷方式印制;
  • 使用打字机制作;
  • 采用平版印刷制作;或
  • 以任何机械复制方式制作。

此项定义的目的,是配合文件制作技术的发展,确保公司法下的法定文件,不会因制作方式不同而影响其法律效力。


定义的目的(Purpose of the Definition)

《2016 年公司法》采用广义的“印制”定义,主要具有以下目的:

  • 确保法定文件不限于传统印刷方式;
  • 承认不同文件制作技术的发展;
  • 提高公司行政管理的灵活性;
  • 便利公司制作及保存法定文件;
  • 避免因文件制作方式不同而引起不必要的法律争议;以及
  • 确保公司法能够随着科技发展持续适用。

“印制”的含义(Meaning of "Printed")

就《2016 年公司法》而言,只要文件透过合法方式制作,并能清楚及准确地呈现内容,一般均可视为属于印制文件

法例明确包括以下几种方式:


(一)传统印刷(Traditional Printing)

包括采用传统印刷技术制作的文件,例如:

  • 商业印刷机(Commercial Printing Press);
  • 雷射打印(Laser Printing);
  • 喷墨打印(Inkjet Printing);以及
  • 其他传统印刷技术。

现今大部分公司文件均属于此类别。


(二)打字文件(Typewritten Documents)

包括利用:

  • 手动打字机(Manual Typewriter);
  • 电动打字机(Electric Typewriter);或
  • 其他打字设备

制作的文件。

虽然现代企业已极少使用打字机,但《2016 年公司法》仍明确承认打字文件属于印制文件。


(三)平版印刷文件(Lithographed Documents)

平版印刷(Lithography)是一种传统印刷技术,通过经过特殊处理的印版复制文字或图像。

虽然现今已较少采用,但根据《2016 年公司法》,平版印刷制作的文件仍属于印制文件。


(四)以任何机械方式复制的文件(Documents Reproduced by Any Mechanical Means)

《2016 年公司法》特别采用**“以任何机械方式复制”**这一广义用语,以涵盖各种机械复制技术。

常见例子包括:

  • 影印(Photocopying);
  • 胶印(Offset Printing);
  • 文件复制机(Duplicating Machines);
  • 各类机械复制设备;以及
  • 其他性质相近的机械复制方式。

重点并非采用何种设备,而是复制后的文件必须能够真实、完整及清晰反映原文件内容。


现代法律解释(Modern Interpretation)

虽然《2016 年公司法》的定义仍保留打字平版印刷等传统用语,但随着科技发展,现代企业文件的制作方式已发生重大变化。

现今,公司法定文件普遍透过以下方式制作:

  • 文字处理软件(Word Processing Software);
  • 电脑打印机(Computer Printers);
  • 多功能办公室设备(Multifunction Office Equipment);
  • 电子文件制作系统(Electronic Document Production Systems);以及
  • 云端办公系统及企业管理软件。

在实务上,只要有关文件符合《2016 年公司法》及其他适用法律(包括电子交易法例)的规定,透过现代电脑及办公设备制作并打印的文件,一般均被视为属于印制文件

此外,如《2016 年公司法》明确允许以电子方式制作、签署或传送文件,则有关电子通讯及电子文件的法律规定亦将同时适用。


《2016 年公司法》下的应用(Application Under the Companies Act 2016)

“印制”一词广泛适用于《2016 年公司法》规定的各种公司文件,包括:

  • 公司章程(Constitution);
  • 股东大会通知(Notices of Meetings);
  • 成员决议(Members' Resolutions);
  • 董事决议(Directors' Resolutions);
  • 年度报告(Annual Reports);
  • 财务报表(Financial Statements);
  • 法定登记册(Statutory Registers);
  • 股票(Share Certificates)(如有签发);
  • 招股说明书(Prospectuses);以及
  • 《2016 年公司法》规定的其他公司文件。

无论文件采用何种合法制作方式,只要符合有关法律规定,均可作为有效的法定文件。


实务示例(Practical Examples)

例子一:会议通知(Printed Notice of Meeting)

ABC Sdn. Bhd. 使用电脑制作股东大会通知,并透过雷射打印机列印。

虽然文件先以电子方式编制,再打印成纸本,但根据《2016 年公司法》,该通知仍属于印制文件。


例子二:打字决议(Typewritten Resolution)

公司秘书使用打字机制作董事决议。

由于法例明确将打字文件纳入“印制”的定义,因此该董事决议属于印制文件。


例子三:影印文件(Photocopied Document)

某股东决议经认证后,再利用影印机制作副本。

由于文件属于以机械方式复制,因此符合《2016 年公司法》有关“印制”的定义。

如法律另有规定须进行认证或核证,则仍须遵守有关要求。


例子四:年度报告(Annual Report)

一家上市公司利用商业印刷设备印制年度报告,并寄发予股东。

该年度报告属于《2016 年公司法》所指的印制文件。


合规要求(Compliance Requirements)

公司应确保:

  • 所有印制文件内容完整、准确及清晰可辨;
  • 法定文件依照《2016 年公司法》及有关规例制作;
  • 印制文件能够真实反映原始资料;
  • 须签署、认证或核证的文件符合相关法律规定;
  • 如采用电子方式制作或传送文件,应遵守《2016 年公司法》及其他适用法律有关电子通讯及电子文件的规定;以及
  • 公司应妥善保存印制及电子版本的法定文件,以便查阅及作为法律证据。

重要性(Importance)

“印制(Printed)” 的定义,体现《2016 年公司法》采取**广义及科技中立(Technology Neutral)**的立法原则,使公司文件不会因采用不同制作方式而影响其法律效力。

透过明确将打字文件、平版印刷文件及任何机械复制文件纳入“印制”的定义,《2016 年公司法》避免了公司文件因技术形式不同而产生法律争议,同时提高企业行政效率及降低合规成本。

随着现代办公科技不断发展,此定义亦能够涵盖电脑打印、电子文件制作及其他新型文件处理技术,使公司能够在遵守法律规定的同时,灵活采用符合时代发展的文件管理方式。

这一制度的重要意义包括:

  • 确保法定文件具有法律认可的形式;
  • 支持现代企业采用先进办公及打印技术;
  • 提高公司文件制作及保存效率;
  • 减少因文件形式引起的法律争议;
  • 促进公司行政管理现代化及数字化;以及
  • 保障公司法定记录、企业文件及公司治理程序的真实性、完整性及法律效力。