COMPANIES ACT 2016 - document 《2016 年公司法》文件

COMPANIES ACT 2016 - document 《2016 年公司法》文件

COMPANIES ACT 2016 
“document” has the meaning assigned to it in the Evidence Act 1950 [Act 56]; 


Under the Companies Act 2016, the term "document" adopts the definition provided in the Evidence Act 1950 [Act 56].

A document refers to any matter expressed, described, or recorded upon any substance by means of letters, figures, marks, symbols, signs, images, sounds, or any other form of recording, which is intended to be used, or which may be used, for the purpose of recording, conveying, or proving information.
Accordingly, a document is not limited to paper records. It includes both physical and electronic records, provided the information is capable of being recorded, stored, reproduced, or communicated.

Types of Documents
For the purposes of the Companies Act 2016, a document may include:
1. Written Documents
  • Letters
  • Agreements and contracts
  • Board resolutions
  • Shareholders' resolutions
  • Minutes of meetings
  • Statutory declarations
  • Certificates
  • Company constitutions
2. Corporate Records
  • Register of Members
  • Register of Directors
  • Register of Beneficial Owners
  • Share certificates
  • Annual Returns
  • Financial statements
  • Accounting records
  • Company registers
3. Electronic Documents
  • Emails
  • PDF documents
  • Word processing files
  • Excel spreadsheets
  • Electronic statutory forms
  • Digital board resolutions
  • Electronic signatures (where legally recognised)
  • Documents stored in cloud-based systems
4. Audio and Visual Records
Where relevant under the Evidence Act 1950, a document may also include:
  • Audio recordings
  • Video recordings
  • Digital images
  • Scanned documents
  • Photographs
  • Computer-generated records

Practical Examples
Example 1 – Board Resolution
A board resolution signed electronically and stored as a PDF file is a document for the purposes of the Companies Act 2016.

Example 2 – Email Communication
An email sent between directors approving a corporate transaction may constitute a document, depending on the applicable legal requirements and the circumstances.

Example 3 – Electronic Company Register
A company maintains its Register of Members using corporate secretarial software.
The electronic register is a document because it records company information capable of being reproduced.

Example 4 – Scanned Passport
A scanned copy of a director's passport submitted for company incorporation is a document under the Companies Act 2016.

Relationship with the Evidence Act 1950
Since the Companies Act 2016 adopts the meaning of "document" from the Evidence Act 1950, the interpretation of the term is consistent across Malaysian law.
This ensures that documents submitted to the Companies Commission of Malaysia (SSM), produced in court proceedings, or maintained as statutory records are recognised whether they exist in physical or electronic form, provided they satisfy the applicable legal requirements.

Compliance Requirements
Companies should ensure that their documents are:
  • Accurate and complete;
  • Properly maintained and updated;
  • Retained for the period required by law;
  • Readily accessible for inspection where required;
  • Protected against loss, unauthorised alteration, or destruction; and
  • Maintained in either physical or electronic form in accordance with the Companies Act 2016 and other applicable laws.

Importance
The broad definition of "document" reflects modern business practices by recognising both traditional paper records and electronic records. It ensures that companies may create, maintain, and submit corporate records in various formats while preserving their legal validity. This promotes efficiency, supports digital corporate administration, and provides consistency with the Evidence Act 1950, particularly in regulatory compliance, corporate governance, and legal proceedings.
  
 

文件(Document)

根据《2016 年公司法》(Companies Act 2016),“文件”(Document) 的定义采用《1950 年证据法》(Evidence Act 1950 [Act 56])所赋予的涵义。

文件 是指以文字、数字、符号、标记、图像、声音或任何其他记录方式,表达、描述或记录于任何载体上的资料,并且该资料旨在用于或可用于记录、传达或证明信息

因此,文件并不限于纸质文件,凡能够记录、储存、复制或传递信息的实体或电子资料,均属于文件的范围。


文件的类型(Types of Documents)

就《2016 年公司法》而言,文件包括但不限于以下类别:

1. 书面文件(Written Documents)

包括:

  • 信函(Letters)
  • 协议及合约(Agreements and Contracts)
  • 董事会决议(Board Resolutions)
  • 股东决议(Shareholders' Resolutions)
  • 会议记录(Minutes of Meetings)
  • 法定声明(Statutory Declarations)
  • 证书(Certificates)
  • 公司章程(Company Constitution)

2. 公司法定记录(Corporate Records)

包括:

  • 股东登记册(Register of Members)
  • 董事登记册(Register of Directors)
  • 实益拥有人登记册(Register of Beneficial Owners)
  • 股票证书(Share Certificates)
  • 年度申报表(Annual Returns)
  • 财务报表(Financial Statements)
  • 会计记录(Accounting Records)
  • 公司法定登记册(Company Registers)

3. 电子文件(Electronic Documents)

包括:

  • 电子邮件(Emails)
  • PDF 文件
  • Word 文档
  • Excel 电子表格
  • 电子法定表格(Electronic Statutory Forms)
  • 电子董事会决议(Digital Board Resolutions)
  • 电子签名文件(Electronic Signatures)(法律认可的情况下)
  • 储存于云端系统(Cloud-Based Systems)的文件

4. 音频及影像记录(Audio and Visual Records)

根据《1950 年证据法》,在适当情况下,文件亦可包括:

  • 录音(Audio Recordings)
  • 录像(Video Recordings)
  • 数码影像(Digital Images)
  • 扫描文件(Scanned Documents)
  • 照片(Photographs)
  • 电脑生成记录(Computer-Generated Records)

实务示例(Practical Examples)

例子一:董事会决议(Board Resolution)

董事会决议以电子签署方式完成,并以 PDF 格式储存。

该 PDF 文件属于《2016 年公司法》所称的文件(Document)


例子二:电子邮件通讯(Email Communication)

董事之间透过电子邮件批准一项公司交易。

视乎法律规定及具体情况,该电子邮件可构成《2016 年公司法》所称的文件,并可作为相关事项的证明资料。


例子三:电子股东登记册(Electronic Company Register)

某公司透过公司秘书软件保存其股东登记册(Register of Members)。

由于该电子登记册记录了公司资料,并可随时复制及查阅,因此属于《2016 年公司法》所称的文件


例子四:扫描护照(Scanned Passport)

公司注册时,拟任董事提交其护照扫描副本。

该扫描文件属于《2016 年公司法》所称的文件(Document)


与《1950 年证据法》的关系(Relationship with the Evidence Act 1950)

由于《2016 年公司法》直接采用《1950 年证据法》对**文件(Document)**的定义,因此两部法律对于文件的解释保持一致。

这意味着,无论文件是:

  • 提交予马来西亚公司委员会(Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia,SSM);
  • 在法庭诉讼中作为证据使用;或
  • 保存为公司的法定记录,

只要符合相关法律规定,即使属于电子形式,亦具有法律效力。


合规要求(Compliance Requirements)

公司应确保所有文件均符合以下要求:

  • 内容准确及完整;
  • 妥善保存并适时更新;
  • 按法律规定保存至法定期限届满;
  • 于法例要求时能够随时提供查阅;
  • 防止遗失、未经授权的修改或毁损;以及
  • 按照《2016 年公司法》及其他适用法律,以纸质或电子形式妥善保存。

重要性(Importance
《2016 年公司法》对**文件(Document)**采取广义定义,充分反映现代企业营运及数码化发展的需要,不仅承认传统纸质文件,也承认各种电子文件及电子记录的法律地位。

此定义使企业能够以多种合法形式建立、保存及提交公司文件,同时确保其法律效力不受影响,有助于:

  • 提升企业行政效率;
  • 推动企业数码化管理;
  • 加强公司治理(Corporate Governance);
  • 提高法定合规效率(Regulatory Compliance);以及
  • 确保电子文件与纸质文件在法律程序及证据制度下获得一致认可,与《1950 年证据法》的规定保持协调一致。