COMPANIES ACT 2016 - constitution 《2016 年公司法》- 公司章程

COMPANIES ACT 2016 - constitution 《2016 年公司法》- 公司章程

COMPANIES ACT 2016    
“constitution” means a document referred to in section 34;


A constitution is the governing document of a company that sets out the rules regulating the company's internal management, administration, and the rights and obligations of the company, its directors, and its members.

Under the Companies Act 2016, a company is not required to have a constitution unless it chooses to adopt one. If a company does not adopt a constitution, the relevant provisions of the Companies Act 2016 will govern the company's internal affairs.
Where a company adopts a constitution, the constitution has legal effect as a contract between:

  • The company and each member;
  • The company and each director;
  • The company and the company secretary; and
  • The members among themselves,
to the extent provided under the Companies Act 2016.

Purpose of a Constitution
A company's constitution serves to:
  • Establish rules for the company's internal governance;
  • Define the powers and responsibilities of directors;
  • Regulate the rights and obligations of shareholders;
  • Prescribe procedures for meetings and resolutions;
  • Govern the issuance, transfer, and classes of shares;
  • Provide rules for the appointment and removal of directors; and
  • Address other matters relating to the management of the company.

Typical Contents of a Constitution
A constitution may include provisions relating to:
  • Company name and objectives (where applicable);
  • Share capital and classes of shares;
  • Rights attached to different classes of shares;
  • Transfer and transmission of shares;
  • Appointment, retirement, and removal of directors;
  • Directors' powers and decision-making;
  • Board meetings and directors' resolutions;
  • Members' meetings and voting procedures;
  • Dividend declarations;
  • Company seal (if adopted); and
  • Other internal governance matters consistent with the Companies Act 2016.

Practical Examples
Example 1 – Company Without a Constitution
ABC Sdn. Bhd. is incorporated under the Companies Act 2016 and does not adopt a constitution.
Its internal governance is regulated primarily by the provisions of the Companies Act 2016.

Example 2 – Company With a Constitution
XYZ Sdn. Bhd. adopts a constitution providing that:
  • Directors must retire by rotation every three years;
  • Certain matters require unanimous directors' approval; and
  • Shares cannot be transferred without the approval of the Board.
These provisions govern the company's internal affairs, provided they are consistent with the Companies Act 2016.

Example 3 – Different Classes of Shares
A company issues Ordinary Shares and Preference Shares.
Its constitution sets out:
  • The voting rights of each class;
  • Dividend entitlements;
  • Redemption rights; and
  • Priority upon liquidation.
These rights are governed by the constitution together with the Companies Act 2016.

Legal Effect
Where a constitution has been adopted, it is legally binding on:
  • The company;
  • Its directors;
  • Its members (shareholders); and
  • The company secretary,
to the extent provided by the Companies Act 2016.
The constitution cannot override any mandatory provision of the Companies Act 2016. If there is any inconsistency, the Companies Act 2016 prevails.

Compliance Requirements
Where a company adopts or amends a constitution, it should ensure that:
  • The constitution complies with the Companies Act 2016;
  • Amendments are approved in accordance with the Companies Act 2016;
  • Updated copies are maintained as part of the company's statutory records; and
  • Copies are made available to members upon request, where applicable.

Importance
A company's constitution provides a customised framework for corporate governance by:
  • Establishing clear rules for the management of the company;
  • Defining the rights and obligations of directors and shareholders;
  • Reducing uncertainty in corporate decision-making;
  • Supporting effective corporate governance; and
  • Complementing the provisions of the Companies Act 2016 while allowing flexibility to meet the company's specific operational needs.


《2016 年公司法》

公司章程(Constitution)

“公司章程”(Constitution) 是指《2016 年公司法》第 34 条(Section 34) 所述的文件。


实务说明(Practical Explanation)

公司章程(Constitution) 是规范公司内部管理、行政运作,以及公司、董事、股东之间权利与义务的基本文件。

根据《2016 年公司法》,公司并非必须制定公司章程。公司可自行决定是否采纳(Adopt)公司章程。

若公司未采纳公司章程,则公司的内部事务将主要依据《2016 年公司法》的相关规定进行管理。

若公司采纳公司章程,则该公司章程在《2016 年公司法》规定的范围内,具有合同(Contract)的法律效力,并构成以下各方之间具有约束力的法律关系:

  • 公司与每一位股东之间(The Company and Each Member);
  • 公司与每一位董事之间(The Company and Each Director);
  • 公司与公司秘书之间(The Company and the Company Secretary);以及
  • 股东彼此之间(The Members Among Themselves)。

公司章程的目的(Purpose of a Constitution)

公司章程主要用于:

  • 建立公司的内部治理规则(Establish Rules for the Company's Internal Governance);
  • 规定董事的权力及职责(Define the Powers and Responsibilities of Directors);
  • 规范股东的权利及义务(Regulate the Rights and Obligations of Shareholders);
  • 订明会议及决议程序(Prescribe Procedures for Meetings and Resolutions);
  • 规范股份发行、转让及股份类别(Govern the Issuance, Transfer and Classes of Shares);
  • 规定董事的委任及罢免程序(Provide Rules for the Appointment and Removal of Directors);以及
  • 处理其他与公司管理有关的事项(Address Other Matters Relating to the Management of the Company)。

公司章程通常包含的内容(Typical Contents of a Constitution)

公司章程可包括以下条文:

  • 公司名称及宗旨(如适用)(Company Name and Objectives);
  • 股本及股份类别(Share Capital and Classes of Shares);
  • 各类别股份所附权利(Rights Attached to Different Classes of Shares);
  • 股份转让及股份承继(Transfer and Transmission of Shares);
  • 董事的委任、退休及罢免(Appointment, Retirement and Removal of Directors);
  • 董事的权力及决策程序(Directors' Powers and Decision-Making);
  • 董事会会议及董事决议(Board Meetings and Directors' Resolutions);
  • 股东大会及投票程序(Members' Meetings and Voting Procedures);
  • 股息宣派(Dividend Declarations);
  • 公司印章(如采用)(Company Seal);以及
  • 其他符合《2016 年公司法》的公司内部治理事项(Other Internal Governance Matters)。

实务示例(Practical Examples)

例子一:没有公司章程的公司(Company Without a Constitution)

ABC Sdn. Bhd. 根据《2016 年公司法》注册成立,并没有采纳公司章程。

因此,该公司的内部管理主要受《2016 年公司法》的相关规定所规管。


例子二:已采纳公司章程的公司(Company With a Constitution)

XYZ Sdn. Bhd. 采纳了一份公司章程,其中规定:

  • 董事须每三年轮值退任一次(Directors Must Retire by Rotation Every Three Years);
  • 某些事项必须获得全体董事一致同意(Certain Matters Require Unanimous Directors' Approval);以及
  • 股份转让须经董事会批准(Shares Cannot Be Transferred Without the Approval of the Board)。

只要上述条文不违反《2016 年公司法》,即对公司的内部事务具有法律约束力。


例子三:不同类别股份(Different Classes of Shares)

某公司发行:

  • 普通股(Ordinary Shares);及
  • 优先股(Preference Shares)。

其公司章程规定:

  • 各类别股份的表决权(Voting Rights);
  • 股息分配权(Dividend Entitlements);
  • 赎回权(Redemption Rights);以及
  • 公司清盘时的受偿优先次序(Priority upon Liquidation)。

上述权利均由公司章程及《2016 年公司法》共同规范。


法律效力(Legal Effect)

当公司已采纳公司章程后,公司章程在《2016 年公司法》规定的范围内,对以下人士具有法律约束力:

  • 公司(The Company);
  • 董事(Directors);
  • 股东(Members / Shareholders);以及
  • 公司秘书(Company Secretary)。

然而,公司章程不得抵触《2016 年公司法》的强制性规定

如公司章程与《2016 年公司法》存在任何不一致之处,应以《2016 年公司法》的规定为准。


合规要求(Compliance Requirements)

如公司采纳或修改公司章程,应确保:

  • 公司章程符合《2016 年公司法》的规定;
  • 所有修订均按照《2016 年公司法》规定获得批准;
  • 最新版本的公司章程妥善保存于公司的法定记录内;以及
  • 在适用情况下,应股东要求提供公司章程副本。

重要性(Importance)

公司章程为公司提供一套可因应自身业务需要而制定的企业管治框架,其重要性包括:

  • 建立清晰明确的公司管理规则;
  • 明确董事及股东的权利与义务;
  • 减少公司决策过程中的不确定性及争议;
  • 提升企业管治的效率及透明度;以及
  • 在符合《2016 年公司法》的前提下,为公司提供更具弹性的内部管理机制,以配合公司的实际营运需要。