COMPANIES ACT 2016 - promoter 《2016 年公司法》- 发起人

COMPANIES ACT 2016 - promoter 《2016 年公司法》- 发起人

COMPANIES ACT 2016
“promoter”, in relation to a prospectus issued by or in connection with a corporation, means a promoter of the corporation who was a party to the preparation of the prospectus or of any relevant portion of the prospectus; but does not include any person by reason only of his acting in a professional capacity;

Under the Companies Act 2016, a promoter, in relation to a prospectus, is a person who plays an active role in establishing or promoting a corporation and participates in preparing the prospectus or any part of it.

A promoter is more than someone who merely supports or advises the company. The promoter is typically involved in bringing the company into existence, organising its business, raising capital, identifying business opportunities, or arranging the issuance of securities.

However, the Companies Act 2016 expressly provides that a person is not regarded as a promoter merely because he or she provides professional services. Accordingly, lawyers, auditors, accountants, company secretaries, valuers, investment advisers, or other professionals acting solely within the scope of their professional engagement are not promoters unless they go beyond their professional role and actively participate as promoters of the corporation.
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Purpose of the Definition
The definition of promoter serves several important purposes:
Identifies the persons responsible for the preparation and contents of a prospectus.
Protects investors by ensuring that those involved in promoting a public offering are accountable for disclosures made to the investing public.
Distinguishes genuine promoters from independent professional advisers.
Prevents promoters from avoiding statutory liability through the use of intermediaries.
Supports transparency and integrity in the issuance of securities.
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Who Is a Promoter?
A promoter is generally a person who:
conceives or initiates the formation of a corporation;
organises the incorporation of the company;
arranges the company's initial business structure;
secures capital or investors;
negotiates significant pre-incorporation transactions;
participates in preparing the prospectus or a substantial part of it; or
takes an active role in offering the company's securities to investors.
Whether a person is a promoter depends on the substance of his or her involvement, rather than the title held.
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Essential Elements of the Definition
To fall within this statutory definition, two elements must generally be satisfied.

1. The Person Must Be a Promoter of the Corporation
The individual must have played a substantial role in promoting or establishing the corporation or its fundraising activities.
Mere association with the company does not automatically make a person a promoter.
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2. The Person Must Have Participated in Preparing the Prospectus
The promoter must have been involved in preparing:
the entire prospectus; or
any relevant portion of the prospectus.
This includes participating in drafting, approving, reviewing, or providing information that forms part of the prospectus.
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Persons Who Are Not Promoters
The Companies Act 2016 specifically excludes persons acting solely in a professional capacity.
Examples include:
advocates and solicitors;
accountants;
auditors;
licensed company secretaries;
tax advisers;
valuers;
engineers;
architects;
investment advisers;
financial consultants; and
other professional advisers.
These persons do not become promoters merely because they:
prepare legal documents;
audit financial statements;
provide accounting advice;
draft sections of the prospectus within their professional expertise; or
offer professional opinions.
However, if a professional adviser goes beyond providing independent professional services and actively participates in promoting the company or preparing the prospectus as a promoter, that person may be regarded as a promoter for the purposes of the Act.
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Duties and Responsibilities of a Promoter
A promoter involved in the preparation of a prospectus should ensure that:
the prospectus contains accurate information;
all material facts are fully disclosed;
statements are not false or misleading;
material omissions are avoided;
applicable statutory disclosure requirements are complied with; and
investors are provided with sufficient information to make informed investment decisions.
Failure to comply may expose a promoter to civil liability, criminal liability, or other sanctions under the Companies Act 2016 and applicable securities laws.

Practical Examples
Example 1 – Company Founder

Mr. Tan establishes ABC Berhad and arranges its Initial Public Offering (IPO).
He participates in preparing the prospectus and approves its contents.
Mr. Tan is a promoter under the Companies Act 2016.
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Example 2 – Investment Group
A group of investors forms XYZ Berhad to develop a renewable energy project.
They organise the incorporation, secure funding, and prepare the prospectus for the public offering.
The investors who actively participate in these activities are promoters.
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Example 3 – Solicitor Acting Professionally
A law firm prepares the legal sections of a prospectus and advises on compliance with the Companies Act 2016.
The solicitors act solely in their professional capacity.
They are not promoters merely because they provided legal services.
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Example 4 – External Auditor
An external auditor audits the company's financial statements and consents to the inclusion of the audit report in the prospectus.
The auditor acts solely as an independent professional adviser.
Accordingly, the auditor is not a promoter under this definition.
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Example 5 – Accountant Who Becomes a Promoter
An accountant not only prepares the financial information but also conceives the business venture, recruits investors, negotiates major commercial arrangements, and actively participates in preparing the prospectus.
Although professionally qualified, the accountant has gone beyond acting solely in a professional capacity and may therefore be regarded as a promoter under the Companies Act 2016.
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Compliance Requirements
Persons acting as promoters should ensure that they:
comply with all prospectus requirements under the Companies Act 2016;
provide complete, accurate, and non-misleading information;
disclose all material facts relevant to investors;
work closely with professional advisers to ensure legal compliance;
avoid making false or deceptive statements; and
maintain proper records supporting the information contained in the prospectus.

Professional advisers should clearly define the scope of their engagement and maintain their independence where acting solely in a professional capacity.
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Importance
The definition of promoter plays a crucial role in Malaysia's corporate fundraising and investor protection framework.

By identifying those who actively promote a corporation and participate in preparing its prospectus, the Companies Act 2016 ensures that responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of prospectus disclosures rests with those who are instrumental in the company's formation and public fundraising efforts.

At the same time, the Act recognises the distinction between promoters and independent professional advisers by excluding persons who act solely in a professional capacity.

This balanced approach promotes accountability, enhances the reliability of prospectus disclosures, safeguards investor confidence, and supports the integrity and transparency of Malaysia's capital markets.


《2016 年公司法》  

就法人团体所发行,或与该法人团体有关的招股说明书(Prospectus)而言,“发起人”(Promoter) 是指该法人团体的发起人,而该发起人曾参与编制:

  • 整份招股说明书;或
  • 招股说明书中的任何相关部分。

然而,任何人不会仅因其以专业身份提供服务,而被视为发起人。

换言之,律师、会计师、审计师、公司秘书、估值师或其他专业顾问,如仅在其专业委聘范围内提供服务,并未实际参与发起、筹组或推动该法人团体,则不会仅因参与招股说明书的专业工作而被认定为发起人。

发起人
  • 筹组创办团队;
  • 安排初始资本;
  • 建立业务模式;
  • 推动公司成立;
  • 寻找主要投资者;或
  • 筹备证券发行。

仅与公司有关联,并不足以自动构成发起人身份。


二)该人必须参与编制招股说明书

该人必须曾参与编制:

  • 整份招股说明书;或
  • 招股说明书中任何相关部分。

所谓参与编制,可包括:

  • 起草内容;
  • 审阅内容;
  • 批准内容;
  • 提供重要资料;
  • 指示其他人纳入某些资料;
  • 决定披露方式;或
  • 对某一重要部分承担实际责任。

因此,即使某人并未亲自撰写整份招股说明书,只要其参与了相关部分的准备工作,仍可能符合该要件。


招股说明书中的“相关部分”(Relevant Portion of the Prospectus)

“相关部分”是指与该发起人的参与、知识、责任或提供资料有关的招股说明书内容。

例如,发起人可能只负责:

  • 公司发展历史;
  • 业务模式;
  • 主要项目;
  • 创办过程;
  • 募资用途;
  • 重大合同;
  • 风险因素;或
  • 未来发展计划。

即使该人没有参与财务报表或法律意见部分,只要其参与编制上述相关内容,仍可能被视为参与招股说明书的相关部分。


哪些人士不属于发起人?(Persons Who Are Not Promoters)

《2016 年公司法》明确排除仅以专业身份提供服务的人。

常见例子包括:

  • 律师(Advocates and Solicitors);
  • 会计师(Accountants);
  • 审计师(Auditors);
  • 持牌公司秘书(Licensed Company Secretaries);
  • 税务顾问(Tax Advisers);
  • 估值师(Valuers);
  • 工程师(Engineers);
  • 建筑师(Architects);
  • 投资顾问(Investment Advisers);
  • 财务顾问(Financial Consultants);以及
  • 其他独立专业顾问。

这些人士不会仅因为以下工作而自动成为发起人:

  • 准备法律文件;
  • 审计财务报表;
  • 提供会计或税务意见;
  • 在其专业范围内起草招股说明书部分内容;
  • 出具专业报告;
  • 提供估值;
  • 进行尽职调查;或
  • 提供独立专业意见。

关键在于,该人士是否仅以专业身份行事


专业人士何时可能成为发起人?(When a Professional Adviser May Become a Promoter)

专业资格本身并不会永久排除发起人身份。

若专业人士超越其独立专业角色,并积极参与公司的发起、设立或募资活动,则可能被视为发起人。

例如,某会计师不仅负责财务资料,还:

  • 构思整个投资项目;
  • 招募创办人;
  • 协商主要商业安排;
  • 引入投资者;
  • 决定募资结构;
  • 推动公开发行;以及
  • 参与批准招股说明书内容。

在这种情况下,该会计师并非仅以专业身份提供服务,而可能已经成为实质发起人。

因此,判断重点并非某人是否拥有专业资格,而是其实际所扮演的角色


发起人的职责及责任(Duties and Responsibilities of a Promoter)

参与编制招股说明书的发起人,应确保:

  • 招股说明书所载资料准确;
  • 所有重大事实均获充分披露;
  • 不包含虚假陈述;
  • 不包含具误导性的陈述;
  • 不遗漏可能影响投资决定的重要资料;
  • 所作预测及陈述具有合理依据;
  • 符合法定披露要求;
  • 资料能够让投资者作出知情投资决定;以及
  • 所提供资料有适当文件及记录支持。

发起人不能仅依赖他人编制文件而完全免除责任,尤其是在其已知或理应知道有关资料不准确、不完整或具误导性的情况下。


重大事实披露(Disclosure of Material Facts)

重大事实是指合理投资者在决定是否投资时,可能认为重要的资料。

常见重大事实包括:

  • 公司的真实业务状况;
  • 财务表现;
  • 重大债务;
  • 重大诉讼;
  • 主要风险;
  • 关联方交易;
  • 主要合同;
  • 董事及发起人的利益;
  • 募资所得用途;
  • 资产所有权;
  • 监管批准状态;以及
  • 可能影响公司未来表现的其他事项。

若发起人故意隐瞒或遗漏这些资料,可能导致招股说明书产生误导效果。


可能承担的法律责任(Potential Legal Liability)

若招股说明书载有虚假、误导性或重大遗漏,发起人可能在《2016 年公司法》及适用证券法律下承担:

  • 民事责任;
  • 刑事责任;
  • 赔偿责任;
  • 行政制裁;
  • 罚款;
  • 禁止参与资本市场活动;
  • 取消或暂停有关发行;以及
  • 其他法定后果。

具体责任将视以下因素而定:

  • 发起人的参与程度;
  • 是否知道有关资料不实;
  • 是否有合理理由相信资料属实;
  • 是否已进行合理核查;
  • 有关错误或遗漏是否重大;以及
  • 投资者是否因此蒙受损失。

实务示例(Practical Examples)

例子一:公司创办人(Company Founder)

陈先生发起成立 ABC Berhad,并安排公司进行首次公开募股(Initial Public Offering,IPO)。

他参与:

  • 设计公司业务模式;
  • 筹组管理团队;
  • 寻找投资者;
  • 审阅招股说明书;以及
  • 批准招股说明书内容。

陈先生属于《2016 年公司法》所指的发起人。


例子二:投资集团(Investment Group)

一组投资者成立 XYZ Berhad,以发展可再生能源项目。

该投资集团:

  • 安排公司注册成立;
  • 取得初始融资;
  • 协商主要项目合同;
  • 筹办证券发行;以及
  • 参与编制招股说明书。

实际参与这些工作的投资者均可能属于发起人。


例子三:律师仅以专业身份行事(Solicitor Acting Professionally)

某律师事务所负责:

  • 起草招股说明书的法律部分;
  • 审查重大合同;
  • 提供《2016 年公司法》合规意见;以及
  • 进行法律尽职调查。

该律师事务所仅在其专业委聘范围内提供独立法律服务。

因此,律师不会仅因提供上述服务而成为发起人。


例子四:外部审计师(External Auditor)

外部审计师负责审计公司的财务报表,并同意将审计报告纳入招股说明书。

该审计师仅以独立专业身份行事,并未参与推动公司成立或证券发行。

因此,该审计师不会仅因其审计工作而被视为发起人。


例子五:超越专业角色的会计师(Accountant Who Becomes a Promoter)

某会计师不仅负责编制财务资料,还:

  • 构思整个商业项目;
  • 招募创办团队;
  • 引入投资者;
  • 协商主要商业安排;
  • 设计资本募集结构;以及
  • 积极参与招股说明书的编制及批准。

虽然该人士具有会计师资格,但其行为已超越纯粹专业服务范围。

因此,该会计师可能被认定为发起人。


例子六:仅为早期股东(Early Shareholder Only)

李女士在公司成立初期认购股份,但没有参与:

  • 公司筹组;
  • 业务策划;
  • 投资者招募;
  • 证券发行;或
  • 招股说明书编制。

仅因她是早期股东,并不足以认定她为发起人。


例子七:提供资料但未参与推动公司(Information Provider)

某技术专家向公司提供产品技术说明,并允许有关资料纳入招股说明书。

若该专家仅以独立专业身份提供技术意见,且没有参与推动公司、筹组融资或控制招股说明书内容,一般不会仅因此成为发起人。

但其是否承担其他专业责任,仍须根据适用法律另行判断。


合规要求(Compliance Requirements)

发起人应确保:

  • 遵守《2016 年公司法》有关招股说明书的规定;
  • 遵守适用资本市场及证券法律;
  • 提供完整、准确及不具误导性的资料;
  • 披露所有与投资者决定有关的重大事实;
  • 对所提供资料进行合理核查;
  • 与律师、审计师、会计师及其他专业顾问充分合作;
  • 不作出虚假、欺骗性或未经合理依据的陈述;
  • 保存支持招股说明书内容的文件及记录;
  • 及时更正已知错误或遗漏;以及
  • 确保所有招股说明书版本及批准程序均有适当记录。

专业顾问则应:

  • 明确界定委聘范围;
  • 保持独立性;
  • 避免参与超出专业角色的商业推动活动;
  • 记录所提供的意见及资料来源;以及
  • 在发现重大不准确或遗漏时,采取适当专业行动。

重要性(Importance)

“发起人(Promoter)” 的定义,是马来西亚公司融资、公开募资及投资者保护制度中的重要组成部分。

通过识别那些:

  • 积极推动法人团体成立;
  • 筹办资本募集;并且
  • 参与编制招股说明书或其相关部分

的人,《2016 年公司法》确保真正影响公开发行及招股披露的人,不能逃避法律责任。

这一制度的重要意义包括:

  • 明确招股说明书责任人的范围;
  • 加强发起人对披露内容的问责;
  • 保障投资者获得真实及完整的资料;
  • 防止发起人利用专业人士或中介规避责任;
  • 提高公开募资程序的透明度;
  • 维护资本市场诚信;以及
  • 增强公众对证券发行制度的信心。

与此同时,《2016 年公司法》亦合理区分发起人与独立专业顾问,明确规定仅以专业身份行事的人不会仅因此成为发起人。

这种平衡安排一方面确保真正推动公司及证券发行的人承担适当责任,另一方面亦避免律师、审计师、会计师、公司秘书及其他专业人士仅因正常提供专业服务而被不当归类为发起人。

因此,判断某人是否属于发起人,必须从其实际行为、参与程度及所承担的角色出发,而不能只依据职位名称、专业资格或表面身份。