The Expert Answer:
Containment Force is the most critical factor, measured as the film tension multiplied by the number of wraps. While Port Klang (or shipping lines) doesn't mandate a single figure, industry guidelines recommend the following for stability:
Light/Stable Loads (e.g., small cartons): $2.7 \text{ to } 3.6 \text{ kg}$ of force.
Heavy/Unstable Loads (e.g., liquid bottles, tall stacks): $6.8 \text{ to } 10 \text{ kg}$ of force.
To ensure load security, M Force recommends using a 3-1-3-1 wrapping method (3 wraps at the base, 1 wrap traveling up, 3 wraps at the top, 1 wrap traveling down) and checking the containment force at the top, middle, and bottom of the load. Inconsistent force—especially in the middle—is the #1 cause of pallet failure during container transport.
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